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Нумізматичні Знахідки Археологічних Досліджень Горянської Ротонди

Переведённый заголовок Numismatic Finds of Horyany Rotunda Archeological Research
Автор Volodymyr Moizhes
опубликовано в Український нумізматичний щорічник, Volume 8 (2024)
The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual
Страницы 145-162 (18 страницы)
Скачать https://doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2024-8-145-162
Номер
N#
L143161
 
Transcarpathia, Uzhhorod, Horyany Rotunda, archeological researches, coins, currency, Hungarian kingdom

Аннотация

The researches of sacred monument in the eastern outskirts of the city Uzhhorod – Horyany Rotunda is important for studying medieval history of Carpathian Region. It is famous for its frescoes and unique architecture (Fig. 1). A large number of research works have been published about it. However, despite the significant attention to it from different specialists and more than century study, there is still an opened question regarding the time of its construction. Thus, questions about the time of its construction remains one of the main and unresolved. The suggested datings of the monument are various. Some researchers date it back to the 10th century, and the latest dating was probably offered in the work of F. Zapletala, which was published in 1923. In his work, the author convinced that the rotunda was built by Prince F. Koryatovych in 1393 – 1414. Most scientists, however, determine its building within the 12th – 13th centuries. Unfortunately, scientists do not have direct written sources regarding this question. The earliest mention of the church is found in papal tithe documents in 1334 and 1335. In this case, it is possible to assume that only archeological materials, namely the existing numismatic finds can help to solve the problem of the time of construction of Horyany Rotunda. Thus, in 2016, as a result of the archaeological excavations of four areas that were laid near or directly next to the walls of the medieval sacred monument, conducted by the expedition of the Uzhhorod National University (Fig. 2), a fairly significant number of coins were discovered. In general, it should be noted that the greatest contribution to the study of money circulation in the late Middle Ages and early modern times in the Carpathian region belongs to the team of archaeologists from the Uzhhorod National University, who regularly introduce numismatic finds, discovered during the studying of Transcarpathian monuments, into scientific circulation. The purpose of the research. To conduct the analysis of numismatic collection that was collected under archeological research at the walls of Horyany Rotunda. It will contribute to the chronological determination of this monument, and also it will provide the row of different data about the currency in Carpathian Region in the days of the Middle Ages – early modern times. Conclusions. Numismatic collection consisting of 34 copies chronologically covers the 30s of the 14th century – the 70s of the 17th century. It is represented with the coins of both Hungarian kingdom and other countries, mainly the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in a percentage ratio of 50/50 and consists of 34 copies Between denominations of Hungarian kingdom, very few (35 %) coins of Sigismund I of Luxembourg (1387–1437) can be seen very clearly. It should be noted that there is an even greater part of them at the other medieval monuments of the region. For example, in the numismatic collections from ruins of Muzhiivska church (about 74%) and Castle church in Uzhhorod (about 38%). This is due to the fact that under the reign of this king there are new types of coins appearing: parvus (the smallest silver coin) and quarting (copper coin). All of them have a fractional face value. These coins were introduced into circulation first of all for the needs of retail trade, and it can explain their significant quantity on the memorials of Transcarpathia. Regarding the coins of other countries, so they are represented by denominations of the Kingdom of Poland / the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its vassal lands, and more precisely these are mainly widespread in the 17th century on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe, small silver coins – one and a half, and three. It is also noticeable that denominations of Hungarian kingdom are chronologically represented only up to the second part of the 15th century. In return, the coins of the Kingdom of Poland / the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – from the beginning of the 16th – 17th centuries. This is possibly due to the political changes happening at that time in the region that was reflected in the currency. Definitely, the following archeological researches of Horyany Rotunda will give the opportunity to replenish numismatic collection that will help certain scientific clarifications. However, it is already noticeable that the chronological framework of the coins clearly indicates human activity, which was connected precisely with the construction of the medieval temple here. In particular, we suggest that some of the discovered coins may come from burials in the cemetery that existed near the walls of the rotunda. Thus, the earliest of the currently discovered coins coincide chronologically with the first written evidences about the site.

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