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Використання Рентгенофлуоресцентного Аналізатора для Доведення Автентичності Монет зі Срібла

Переведённый заголовок Using an X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer to Prove the Authenticity of the Silver Coins
Авторы Volodymyr Indutny, Kateryna Pirkovich, Valeria Dyshlova-Hrynyuk
опубликовано в Український нумізматичний щорічник, Volume 8 (2024)
The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual
Страницы 316-330 (15 страницы)
Скачать https://doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2024-8-316-330
Номер
N#
L143171
 
cultural monuments made of silver, silver coins, authenticity, X-ray fluorescence analysis, chemical composition, impurity chemical elements

Аннотация

In the modern antiques market, the most pressing problem is detecting counterfeits of ancient objects, and in particular, silver coins. The purpose of the article is to describe a mathematical model of the process of eliminating impurity chemical elements from the surface of silver products and to prove the possibility of establishing the authenticity of cultural monuments experimentally based on the results of studies of the chemical composition of the surface of this metal using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Previous studies have shown that the sequence of ion release depends on their atomic size and the way they are chemically bonded to the parent metal. Therefore, the greater the mismatch between the size of the impurity ions and the size of the silver ions, the earlier they are released from the surface layers of the metal. Ions that are close in size to silver ions are released very slowly at room temperature or faster if the surface is heated. The reason for the selective elimination of ions of foreign chemical elements on the metal surface is their size, the structure of the outer electron shells, and the type of chemical bonds - that is, the set of factors responsible for the degree of chemical affinity to the base metal. The objects for the study were:a modern certified silver bank ingot of 2008, as well as two silver coins minted in 1924 and 1850. The method of studying the samples consisted in applying the author's method of testing the metal surface by rubbing it with ashless swabs before and after heating with a technical hair dryer with an air temperature of 550 degrees Celsius for 1 minute. At the same time, the chemical composition of the surface layers of the metal and patina, which were collected from a large area, was determined. The study of the chemical composition of silver was carried out by the X-ray fluorescence analysis method on the Expert 3L device. Main results of the study. When determining the chemical composition of the surface of a bank ingot, it was found that the relatively short time of existence of the ingot did not lead to the release onto its surface of a significant proportion of impurity chemical elements present in the alloy, and the heating process allows to accelerate this process. In addition, the short history of the ingot's existence is also evidenced by the fact that after testing the surface with the first swab, its composition does not contain eliminated chemical elements whose radii are close to the ionic radius of silver, for example, Au, As or Mo, that is, those whose release occurs very slowly. When examining the 1924 silver coin, microporosity of the surface and the formation of easily soluble chemical compounds in the surface layer – hydroxides, hydrocarbonates and hydrosilicates, which require moisture, were discovered, unlike the 2008 ingot, which was stored in a sealed celluloid package. In addition, during the rubbing process, soluble substances are released onto the surface, which have accumulated in the intergranular voids formed as a result of the natural recrystallization of the metal. When conducting research on a silver coin from 1850, it was found that the ratio of the concentration of silver to the concentration of impurity chemical elements eliminated from it is close to the ratio of 1:2, which indicates a significant destruction of the integrity of the silver alloy. Also, silver coins that are significantly old are characterized by a high concentration of chemical elements, the ions of which were eliminated on the surface and in the intergranular space of the partially recrystallized metal. Conclusions. Studies have shown that impurity chemical elements, ions of which are close in size to the size of silver ions, are removed to the surface only during the long history of the artifact or under the influence of significant thermal exposure. An indicator of the authenticity of antique silver coins is the absence on their cleaned surface after heating of chemical elements larger than silver ions. Silver coins that are of considerable age and have been in circulation for a long time are characterized by high surface purity relative to deeper parts and, accordingly, a weak ability to release all impurity chemical elements to the surface. To determine the authenticity of silver coins, it is advisable to compare them with well-attributed specimens from museum collections.

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