Предметы Almoravid dynasty
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(en) Islamic state (in Arabic, ad-dawlah al-islamīyah) is a kind of government (monarchy, republic or democracy) based on Islamic religious law. The Caliphate is a form of monarchic government headed by the Caliph (in Arabic, khalīfa) who is the regent, acting as successor of Muhammad. Second in command after the Caliph, with political and military roles, is the Emir (in Arabic, amīr) literally a "commander". Another sovereign title used by numerous Arab and non-Arab dynasties is the Sultan (in Arabic, sulṭān, "strength", "authority") supreme head of Sunni Islam and ruler in the Ottoman Empire. Arab Bedouin, led by the Prophet Muhammad, starting from 7th century with the Islamic expansion, conquered a huge territory, divulgating or converting different peoples, and continued until the 18th century thanks to the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. After Muhammad's death, the first Caliphate was established. During this first Caliphate, called the Rashidun Caliphate (in Arabic, Khilāfat al-Rāshidūn "Caliphate of the Orthodox") that spanned from 632 to 661, the Umma was governed by the four chosen Caliphs: Abū Bakr, marUmar ibn al-Khattāb, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān and ʿAlī b. Abi Tālib. The "Orthodox" Caliphate was replaced by the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) which was governed by the Umayyad dynasty (in Arabic, al-'Umawiyyūn or Banū'Umayya "Sons of Umayya"), coming from Mecca. After toppling the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid revolution, the Abbasid Caliphate (in Arabic, ʿAbbāsiyyūn) was established and lasted from 750 to 1258. The culmination of the Abbasid power was under Hārūn al-Rashīd. His life and fabulous court have been the subject of many anecdotes; the famous tale "One Thousand and One Nights" contains many stories inspired by the myth of his magnificent court. The Fatimid Caliphate (in Arabic, Fāṭimiyyūn) constituted, between 909 and 1171, the most important Ismaili Shiite dynasty in the whole history of Islam and owes its name to the descent from Fātima bt. Muhammad, daughter of the prophet Muhammad. In the mid-11th century, the Seljuks won over the Fatimids in Syria and the loss of Palestine followed, after the Crusades and Saladin's victory in Egypt, marking the end of the Arab empire and the beginning of the new Ayyubid dynasty. After the destruction of the Abbasid Empire by the Mughal Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire came to power. In 1453, it conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul and made it the capital of the empire. Today there are about 1.1 billion Muslims and, not only being Arab, Islam is represented in many major cultures in over 60 countries.
Almoravid dynasty:
Обмен
Монеты
½ Qirat - Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn ND
Монеты
Серебро • 0.41 g • ⌀ 9.4 mm
Album Islamic# A465.1, Vives arab# 1539, N# 430998
Стандартные монеты обращения
1⁄16 Qirat - Ali ibn Yussuf ND (1106-1128)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
0.07 g • ⌀ 6.8 mm
Album Islamic# C469, N# 391986
¼ Qirat - Ali ibn Yussuf ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.35 g • ⌀ 8 mm
Album Islamic# 469, N# 356756
½ Qirat - Abu Bakr ibn Umar ND
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.4 g • ⌀ 9.0 mm
Vives arab# 1444, N# 453197
½ Qirat - Abu Bakr ibn Umar ND
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.4 g • ⌀ 8.5 mm
Vives arab# 1444, Album Islamic# 462A, N# 449401
Qirat - Abu Bakr ibn Umar ND (1056-1087)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.5 g • ⌀ 9.5 mm
Vives arab# 1445, N# 434432
½ Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf (Meknes) ND (1106-1142)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.45 g • ⌀ 10 mm
Album Islamic# 468, N# 386093
½ Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.48 g • ⌀ 9.1 mm
Album Islamic# 468, Vives arab# 1769, Mozos# Ce15, N# 257984
½ Qirat - Tashfin ibn 'Ali ND (1143-1145)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.4 g
Vives arab# 1873, N# 72573
Qirat - Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar ND (1056-1087)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.7 g • ⌀ 11 mm
Album Islamic# 462, Vives arab# 1443, N# 217157
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf (sans émir) ND (1106-1128)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.8 g • ⌀ 10 mm
Album Islamic# 467.1, Vives arab# 1701, N# 386937
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf (sans émir) ND (1106-1128)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.9 g • ⌀ 12 mm
Vives arab# 1694, N# 434436
Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 1 g • ⌀ 9 mm
N# 40639
Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.9 g • ⌀ 11 mm
N# 51417
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.89 g • ⌀ 11 mm
Vives arab# 1704, N# 417161
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf (Meknes) ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.9 g • ⌀ 12 mm
Vives arab# 1707, N# 378456
Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf ND (1128-1132)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.97 g • ⌀ 10 mm
Vives arab# 1775, N# 186159
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf avec émir Sir ND (1128-1139)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.8 g • ⌀ 11 mm
Album Islamic# 467.2, N# 386941
Qirat - Ali ibn Yusuf avec émir Sir ND (1128-1139)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.83 g • ⌀ 10 mm
Album Islamic# 467.2, N# 447626
Qirat - 'Ali ibn Yusuf (with heir Tashfin) ND (1139-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.87 g • ⌀ 11 mm
Vives arab# 1824-26, Album Islamic# 467.3, Mitch WI# 387ff, N# 51416
Qirat - Tashfin ibn 'Ali (with heir Ibrahim) ND (1143-1145)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.94 g • ⌀ 11 mm
N# 51418
Qirat - Tashfin ibn 'Ali ND (1143-1145)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.83 g • ⌀ 10.5 mm
Vives arab# 1881, N# 419591
Qirat - Ishaq ibn Ali 541 (1146)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.76 g • ⌀ 12.5 mm
N# 447224
Qirat - Ishaq ibn Ali (Cordoba) ND (1147)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Серебро • 0.9 g • ⌀ 11 mm
N# 51419
Dinar - Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar ND (1056-1087)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Золото 900 • 4.17 g
N# 72574
Dinar - Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn ND (1061-1106)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Золото 900 • 4.15 g
N# 76290
Dinar - 'Ali ibn Yusuf (Mursiya) ND (1106-1143)
Монеты › Стандартные монеты обращения
Золото • 4.01 g
N# 85705
Жетоны
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